svg_path

Utilities for working with SVG d and transform attributes, encompassing parsing, serialization, and geometric manipulation of paths, subpaths, subpath segments, and transform matrices.

gleam add svg_path@0

import svg_path/parse
import svg_path/serialize

pub fn tidy_path_data(input: String) -> String {
  let assert Ok(path) = parse.path(input)
  let options = serialize.decimal_options(2)

  serialize.path_with_options(path, options:)
}

import gleam/result
import svg_path
import svg_path/parse
import svg_path/serialize

pub fn prepare_for_arc_averse_consumer(
  input: String,
) -> Result(String, parse.Error) {
  use path <- result.try(parse.path(input))

  path
  |> svg_path.path_arcs_to_cubic_beziers
  |> serialize.path
  |> Ok
}

Core Model

The root svg_path module represents SVG path data with Path and Subpath types, supported by lower-level Segment and Point primitives.

Points

A Point is borrowed from the vec package:

pub type Point =
  Vec2(Float)

Use svg_path.point to create points without importing vec directly:

svg_path.point(10.0, 20.0)

Segments

A Segment is one SVG path segment, expressed in absolute coordinates, i.e., not relative to a previous "current point":

pub type Segment {
  Line(start: Point, end: Point)
  QuadraticBezier(start: Point, control: Point, end: Point)
  CubicBezier(start: Point, control1: Point, control2: Point, end: Point)
  Arc(
    start: Point,
    radius: Point,
    x_axis_rotation: Float,
    large_arc: Bool,
    sweep: Bool,
    end: Point,
  )
}

Segments can be evaluated, differentiated, and split by their local parameter t, where 0.0 is the segment start and 1.0 is the segment end:

svg_path.segment_point(segment, at: 0.5)                    // -> Result(Point, svg_path.Error)
svg_path.segment_derivative(segment, at: 0.5)               // -> Result(Point, svg_path.Error)
svg_path.split_segment(segment, at: 0.5)                    // -> Result(#(Segment, Segment), svg_path.Error)
svg_path.sub_segment(segment, from: 0.25, to: 0.75)         // -> Result(Segment, svg_path.Error)
svg_path.sub_segments(segment, between: [0.25, 0.75, 0.5])  // -> Result(List(Segment), svg_path.Error)

Values outside 0.0..1.0 lead to silent extrapolation along the same algebraic parameterization. Use _inside variants of the same functions to surface parameter domain errors instead.

Subpaths

A Subpath is opaque. It internally consists of a start point, a list of end-to-end segments, and a flag indicating topological closure:

pub opaque type Subpath {
  Subpath(start: Point, segments: List(Segment), closed: Bool)
}

The library guarantees that the first segment, when present, starts at start, and that the last segment of a topologically closed subpath, when present, likewise ends at start.

Subpaths with segments == [] can have any value of closed. A Subpath's serialization ends in Z/z if and only if closed == True.

Subpaths can be split by local segment addresses:

pub type SubpathParameter {
  SubpathParameter(segment_index: Int, t: Float)
}

svg_path.split_subpath(subpath, at: svg_path.SubpathParameter(1, 0.5))
svg_path.sub_subpath(
  subpath,
  from: svg_path.SubpathParameter(0, 0.5),
  to: svg_path.SubpathParameter(2, 0.25),
)
svg_path.sub_subpaths(subpath, between: [
  svg_path.SubpathParameter(0, 0.5),
  svg_path.SubpathParameter(2, 0.25),
])

Subpath parameters are strict: segment_index must address a real segment and t must be inside 0.0..1.0. Unlike segment parameters, subpath parameters do not extrapolate beyond a segment. The split helpers only return positive-length pieces: open subpath split lists must be strictly increasing and cannot include the very start or very end, while closed subpath split lists must be distinct and cyclically increasing. Use compare_subpath_parameters for plain segment-index-then-t ordering.

Use svg_path.subpath to construct an open subpath from a nonempty list of contiguous segments, and svg_path.set_closed to change whether a subpath is topologically closed; note that set_closed(_, True) may result in an error, but set_closed(_, False) cannot:

svg_path.subpath(segments)                  // -> Result(Subpath, svg_path.Error)
svg_path.set_closed(subpath, closed: Bool)  // -> Result(Subpath, svg_path.Error)

Construction succeeds when the required segment endpoints meet. Construct empty "move-only" subpaths with empty_subpath(at:) where at gives the start of the subpath.

In the following example the segments return to their starting point geometrically, but the subpath only becomes topologically closed after set_closed:

import gleam/io
import gleam/result
import svg_path
import svg_path/serialize

pub fn closed_triangle() -> Result(svg_path.Subpath, svg_path.Error) {
  let a = svg_path.point(0.0, 0.0)
  let b = svg_path.point(10.0, 0.0)
  let c = svg_path.point(5.0, 10.0)

  use subpath <- result.try(svg_path.subpath([
    svg_path.Line(start: a, end: b),
    svg_path.Line(start: b, end: c),
    svg_path.Line(start: c, end: a),
  ]))

  io.println(serialize.subpath(subpath))
  // -> "M 0 0 H 10 L 5 10"

  use subpath <- result.try(svg_path.set_closed(subpath, closed: True))

  io.println(serialize.subpath(subpath))
  // -> "M 0 0 H 10 L 5 10 Z"

  Ok(subpath)
}

Use svg_path.clean_subpath(subpath) to remove zero-length segments from a Subpath. Note that clean_subpath will preserve at least one zero-length segment of a nonempty Subpath in all cases, though it will not add any new segments if segments == [] to start with.

Paths

A Path is a list of Subpath.

pub type Path {
  Path(subpaths: List(Subpath))
}

Construct paths directly via the public variant:

svg_path.Path(subpaths: [subpath])

Retrieve subpaths with svg_path.subpaths(path).

Use path_map_subpaths and path_filter_subpaths to transform or filter a path's subpaths.

Use combine_paths to assemble a single Path from a List(Path). The result of combine_paths(paths) is equivalent to Path(paths |> list.map(svg_path.subpaths) |> list.flatten).

Use path_start and path_end to get the endpoints of a full path. Empty paths return Error(EmptyPath); paths with subpaths use the first subpath's start and the last subpath's end, including empty subpaths:

svg_path.path_start(path)
svg_path.path_end(path)

Subpath-Building

Helper functions in the root module let users employ an EndpointPolicy option to specify different types of error-recovery behavior for non-matching endpoints:

pub type EndpointPolicy {
  Strict
  Wiggle
  Bridge
  WiggleThenBridge
  Custom(fn(Segment, Segment) -> #(Segment, Segment))
}

Strict is the behavior of subpath, requiring exact endpoint equality. Wiggle moves nearby endpoints together within the package's default wiggle tolerance of 1e-9 while respecting the horizontality and verticality of Line segments. Bridge keeps existing endpoints in place and inserts a straight line segment when needed. WiggleThenBridge, as the name implies, first tries Wiggle before falling back on Bridge. Custom gives callers a hook for bespoke endpoint reconciliation.

Functions that accept an EndpointPolicy end in _with. Including:

svg_path.subpath_with(segments, policy: svg_path.Wiggle)
svg_path.append_segment_with(subpath, segment, policy: svg_path.Bridge)
svg_path.join_with([first_subpath, second_subpath], policy: svg_path.WiggleThenBridge)
svg_path.splice_with(subpath, start: Int, delete: Int, insert: List(Segment), policy: svg_path.Wiggle)
svg_path.set_closed_with(subpath, closed, policy: svg_path.Bridge)

Subtracting the _with suffix yields equivalent functions whose policy is EndpointPolicy.Strict.

Failure to reconcile segment endpoints under a given policy results in a Discontinuoussvg_path.Error variant:

Discontinuous(
  previous_index: Int,
  next_index: Int,
  expected: Point,
  got: Point,
  distance: Float,
)

In the above, expected is the end of a putative last segment, got is the start of a putative next segment (or first segment of the subpath, for a closure error), and distance is the distance between the two.

Use the assert_ functions for hand-authored/static geometry where invalid continuity is a programmer error:

svg_path.assert_subpath(segments)
svg_path.assert_subpath_with(segments, policy)
svg_path.assert_append_segment(subpath, segment)
svg_path.assert_append_segment_with(subpath, segment, policy)
svg_path.assert_join([first_subpath, second_subpath])
svg_path.assert_join_with([first_subpath, second_subpath], policy)
svg_path.assert_splice(subpath, start, delete, insert)
svg_path.assert_splice_with(subpath, start, delete, insert, policy)
svg_path.assert_set_closed(subpath, closed)
svg_path.assert_set_closed_with(subpath, closed, policy)

Custom receives each non-matching adjacent pair as previous and next, and returns replacement segments for that pair. It is called only when the two endpoints do not already match. A custom policy can change all aspects of both segments (e.g. change the .start of the previous segment) without necessarily triggering an error: errors are generated on final-pass verification of the returned subpath.

Joining Subpaths

join combines open subpaths into one open subpath. With the default Strict policy, each subpath's end point must exactly equal the next subpath's start point. Empty open subpaths can act as identity values when their start points line up. join([]) returns EmptySubpath.

svg_path.join([first_subpath, second_subpath, third_subpath])

Closed subpaths are rejected rather than implicitly opened. This keeps closedness as explicit topology: if you want to discard it, use set_closed(subpath, closed: False) first.

Use join_with when you want another endpoint policy:

svg_path.join_with([first_subpath, second_subpath], policy: svg_path.Wiggle)
svg_path.join_with([first_subpath, second_subpath], policy: svg_path.Bridge)

Splicing Subpaths

splice replaces a range of segments while preserving the subpath invariant. start is a zero-based segment index, delete is the number of segments to remove, and insert is the replacement list.

svg_path.splice(subpath, start: 2, delete: 1, insert: replacement_segments)

If start + delete extends past the end of the subpath, everything from start onward is deleted. Negative start, negative delete, and start greater than the subpath length return InvalidSplice.

With the default Strict policy, the edited subpath must still be continuous, otherwise Discontinuous is returned with segment indices, points, and distance. Closed subpaths preserve their closed state. If the splice result is nonempty, the subpath start is updated to the first resulting segment's start point. If the splice result is empty, the previous start point is preserved.

Use splice_with when the splice should use a different endpoint policy:

svg_path.splice_with(
  subpath,
  start: 2,
  delete: 1,
  insert: replacement_segments,
  policy: svg_path.Wiggle,
)

Opening Closed Subpaths

open_at breaks open a closed subpath at a segment index and returns a single open subpath. The indexed segment becomes the first segment of the result:

svg_path.open_at(closed_subpath, index: 2)

Negative indices count from the end. The accepted index range is inclusive: -length <= index <= length, where length is the number of segments in the closed subpath. After this range check, the index is taken modulo length, so -length, 0, and length all open at the first segment.

The error behavior is intentionally specific:

NotClosed is returned if the subpath is not closed.
InvalidOpenIndex(index, length) is returned if the index is outside the accepted inclusive range.

Reversing Subpaths

Use reverse_subpath to reverse the traversal direction of a subpath while preserving its closed/open state:

svg_path.reverse_subpath(subpath)

For lower-level operations, reverse_segment reverses a single segment.

Converting Arcs to Beziers

Some SVG consumers and geometry workflows prefer to avoid elliptical Arc segments. Use the _arcs_to_cubic_beziers function family to replace arcs with cubic Bezier curves while preserving lines, quadratic Beziers, and existing cubic Beziers:

svg_path.segment_arcs_to_cubic_beziers(segment)
svg_path.subpath_arcs_to_cubic_beziers(subpath)
svg_path.path_arcs_to_cubic_beziers(path)

Elliptical arcs are approximated with one or more cubic Beziers, split into chunks of at most a quarter turn. The conversion preserves subpath closed/open state. If an arc is degenerate, it falls back to the straight-line cubic Bezier between the arc endpoints.

There is no tolerance option for this conversion. The approximation policy is deterministic: each arc chunk spans no more than 90 degrees. This is the common practical SVG arc-to-cubic approximation and is usually more than adequate for rendering and interchange.

If you want every segment represented as cubic Bezier curves, use the stricter helpers instead. Lines and quadratic Beziers are converted exactly.

svg_path.segment_to_cubic_beziers(segment)
svg_path.subpath_to_cubic_beziers(subpath)
svg_path.path_to_cubic_beziers(path)

Arcs and the `ellipse` Module

svg_path.Arc uses SVG's endpoint arc representation: an explicit start, an end, two semi-axis radii, an x_axis_rotation, and the SVG large_arc and sweep flags. This matches the information carried by an SVG A path command, with the current point made explicit as start.

Endpoint arcs are compact, but they are awkward for evaluation and splitting. The lower-level svg_path/ellipse module exposes the two arc representations used by the SVG implementation notes:

ellipse.EndpointArcData(
  start:,
  radius:,
  x_axis_rotation:,
  large_arc:,
  sweep:,
  end:,
)

ellipse.CenterArcData(
  center:,
  radius:,
  x_axis_rotation:,
  start_angle:,
  delta_angle:,
)

endpoint_to_center converts SVG-style endpoint data into center data. During that conversion, radii follow SVG's forgiving rules: negative radii are made positive, and radii that are too small to connect the endpoints are scaled up uniformly. CenterArcData.radius is therefore the corrected radius.

Public arc angles are in degrees. start_angle and delta_angle are measured in the ellipse's own coordinate system before stretching and rotation; delta is signed, and determines the sweep direction.

Use svg_path.arc_center_data to convert a root-module Arc segment to ellipse.CenterArcData, and svg_path.arc_from_center_data to come back to an Arc. The ellipse module also exposes lower-level helpers such as arc_point, point_at_angle, split_arc, arc_bounding_box, and arc_to_cubics.

Geometry Helpers

The root module provides a few geometry helpers that work directly with the Segment, Subpath, and Path model.

Bounding Boxes

Use segment_bounding_box, subpath_bounding_box, and path_bounding_box to compute exact axis-aligned bounding boxes:

import svg_path

pub fn box_path(path: svg_path.Path) -> Result(svg_path.BoundingBox, svg_path.Error) {
  svg_path.path_bounding_box(path)
}

Use bounding_box_width, bounding_box_height, bounding_box_center, and bounding_box_diameter to measure a BoundingBox. The diameter is the taxicab diameter: width plus height.

Line, quadratic Bezier, cubic Bezier, and arc extrema are included. Empty subpaths return EmptySubpath; empty paths return EmptyPath; paths whose subpaths are all empty return EmptySubpaths.

For callers working at the lower-level curve modules, svg_path/bezier exposes bezier_bounding_box, and svg_path/ellipse exposes arc_bounding_box.

Optimization Over Segments

Use segment_minimize to find the segment parameter where a scalar function of the segment point is minimized:

import svg_path

pub fn lowest_point(segment: svg_path.Segment) -> Result(Float, svg_path.Error) {
  svg_path.segment_minimize(segment, measure: fn(point) {
    point.y
  })
}

The returned value is a segment parameter in 0.0..1.0. You can pass it to segment_point or split_segment.

Minimization is numerical and sampling-based. Each sampled window is refined with golden-section search, so it does not require a derivative of the measured function. Use segment_minimize_with and MinimizeOptions to tune samples, tolerance, and max_iterations.

Segment Distances

Use segment_distance to measure the shortest distance from a point to a segment:

import svg_path

pub fn distance_to_segment(
  point: svg_path.Point,
  segment: svg_path.Segment,
) -> Result(Float, svg_path.Error) {
  svg_path.segment_distance(point, to: segment)
}

Lines are measured exactly. Quadratic Beziers, cubic Beziers, and arcs are measured by finding stationary points of squared distance over the segment parameter range 0.0..1.0. Use segment_distance_with and DistanceOptions to tune samples, tolerance, and max_iterations.

Segment Crossings

Use segment_crossings to find parameter values where a scalar predicate changes sign along a segment:

import svg_path

pub fn horizontal_crossings(
  segment: svg_path.Segment,
  y: Float,
) -> Result(List(Float), svg_path.Error) {
  svg_path.segment_crossings(segment, where: fn(point) {
    point.y -. y
  })
}

The returned values are segment parameters in 0.0..1.0. You can pass them to segment_point or split_segment.

Crossing detection is numerical and sampling-based. It finds sign-change crossings visible at the configured sampling resolution, plus endpoint/sample values that are already close to zero. It does not promise tangent roots or multiple crossings hidden inside one sample window. Use segment_crossings_with and CrossingOptions to tune samples, tolerance, and max_iterations.

The scalar solver behind this lives in svg_path/root.gleam as a small self-contained bisection helper for bracketed Float -> Float functions.

Segment Intersections

Use segment_intersections to find point intersections between two segments:

import svg_path

pub fn crossings(
  left: svg_path.Segment,
  right: svg_path.Segment,
) -> Result(List(svg_path.SegmentIntersection), svg_path.Error) {
  svg_path.segment_intersections(left, right)
}

Each SegmentIntersection contains the intersection point plus the local parameters on both segments:

svg_path.SegmentIntersection(left_t:, right_t:, point:)

The result represents finite point intersections only. Segments that overlap in more than one point, such as partially overlapping collinear lines, return OverlappingSegments. Use segment_intersections_with and IntersectionOptions to tune tolerance and max_depth for curved segment intersection detection.

Convex Hulls

The svg_path/convex_hull module computes a closed hull for a single segment.

import svg_path
import svg_path/convex_hull

pub fn hull(
  segment: svg_path.Segment,
) -> Result(svg_path.Subpath, convex_hull.HullError) {
  convex_hull.segment_hull(segment)
}

Lines, quadratic Beziers, and ordinary arcs are handled semantically. Lines produce a two-line closed hull, while quadratic Beziers and arcs produce the original primitive plus the chord joining its endpoints. Cubic Beziers use a cubic-specific numerical solver.

PathError means the generated pieces could not be turned into a valid closed Subpath. The other HullError values are reserved for cubic solver consistency failures, so the function reports an error rather than guessing at a hull.

For a whole subpath, use subpath_hull:

import svg_path
import svg_path/convex_hull

pub fn hull(
  subpath: svg_path.Subpath,
) -> Result(svg_path.Subpath, convex_hull.HullError) {
  convex_hull.subpath_hull(subpath)
}

This returns a closed Subpath containing the convex hull of the input. Move-only subpaths are treated as single points at their starts. Otherwise, each segment is first converted to a segment hull, then those convex loops are unioned together.

For a path with multiple subpaths, use path_hull:

convex_hull.path_hull(path)

Move-only subpaths contribute their start points, and the result is still a single closed Subpath.

For a list of points, use points_hull directly:

convex_hull.points_hull(points)

For mixed inputs, convert points to move-only subpaths, segments to one-segment subpaths, keep existing subpaths as-is, then collect them into a Path and use path_hull.

Parsing

svg_path/parse accepts normal SVG path data syntax, including:

comma separators
whitespace separators
compact signed numbers such as M0-1
implicit line commands after M
repeated command argument groups
relative and absolute commands
closepath commands Z and z

import gleam/result
import svg_path/parse
import svg_path/serialize

pub fn canonicalize() -> Result(String, parse.Error) {
  use path <- result.try(parse.path("M0,0 10,10z"))

  Ok(serialize.path(path))
}

The parsed object is not just a token stream. It is normalized into this package's path model. For example, an implicit line after M becomes a Line segment internally.

Closepath is also represented semantically. If parsing Z needs a straight line back to the subpath start, the parser inserts that line and marks the subpath closed. If the subpath is already back at its start, no extra line is inserted; the subpath is just marked closed.

Serialization

svg_path/serialize emits canonical SVG path data.

By default it uses:

absolute commands
up to 5 decimal places
stripped trailing decimal zeroes
readable whitespace
repeated command letters
one-line path data
H and V for horizontal and vertical lines when possible
Z for closed subpaths

import svg_path/parse
import svg_path/serialize

pub fn tidy_path_data(input: String) -> String {
  let assert Ok(path) = parse.path(input)

  serialize.path(path)
}

If you want a complete SVG document for debugging or examples, use svg_path/svg with a view box, per-path style strings, and optional styled text labels. This is a deliberately small helper for quick drawings, not a full rendering layer:

import svg_path
import svg_path/svg

pub fn debug_svg(
  things: svg.ThingsToDraw,
  box: svg_path.BoundingBox,
) -> String {
  svg.document(things, view_box: box)
}

Serialization options can use relative commands, commas inside coordinate pairs, smaller whitespace, rounded numbers, fixed decimal places, omitted repeated command letters, and left-padded numbers for visual alignment. The lower-level decimal controls are split into LeftDecimalOptions and RightDecimalOptions.

import svg_path/parse
import svg_path/serialize

pub fn compact_path_data(input: String) -> String {
  let assert Ok(path) = parse.path(input)
  let options =
    serialize.relative_decimal_options(2)
    |> serialize.minimize_whitespace
    |> serialize.repeat_commands(False)
    |> serialize.with_left_padding(serialize.AutoLeftPadding(serialize.Zero))

  serialize.path_with_options(path, options:)
}

Repeated Command Letters

SVG allows repeated commands of the same type to omit later command letters. Pass False to repeat_commands to use this form.

serialize.default_options()
|> serialize.repeat_commands(False)

For example, repeated line commands may serialize as:

M 0 0 L 10 10 20 20 30 30

instead of:

M 0 0 L 10 10 L 20 20 L 30 30

Newlines

Use with_newlines to choose where the serializer inserts newlines:

serialize.default_options()
|> serialize.with_newlines(serialize.AtSubpaths)

OneLine keeps the path data on one line. AtSubpaths puts each subpath on its own line:

M 0 0 L 10 10 L 20 20 Z
M 100 100 L 110 110 L 120 120 Z

AtSegments puts each segment on its own line. With repeated command letters enabled, each line starts with its command:

The one unusual combination is AtSegments with repeat_commands(False). There, each emitted command letter is followed by a newline, repeated commands are omitted, and M/m always starts a new line. This can be combined with fixed-width decimal formatting for visual alignment:

serialize.fixed_decimal_options(2)
|> serialize.with_left_padding(serialize.AutoLeftPadding(serialize.Space))
|> serialize.with_commas(True)
|> serialize.repeat_commands(False)
|> serialize.with_newlines(serialize.AtSegments)

M
  20.00, -30.00 C
 -15.00,  40.00   80.00, -90.00  140.00,  20.00
 260.00,  30.00 -320.00,  45.00  480.00, -60.00
 600.50, -70.25  720.00,  80.00  840.00, -90.00

Number Formatting

RightDecimalOptions controls the fractional side of serialized numbers:

System uses the system float formatter.
AtMost(Int) rounds to at most that many decimal places and strips trailing zeroes.
Fixed(Int) rounds to exactly that many decimal places.

LeftDecimalOptions controls the whole-number side:

Succinct uses no left padding.
LeftPadding(Int, Zero) pads the whole-number side to that width with zeroes.
LeftPadding(Int, Space) pads the whole-number side to that width with spaces.
AutoLeftPadding(Zero) pre-scans the serialized value and chooses a shared width, padding with zeroes.
AutoLeftPadding(Space) pre-scans the serialized value and chooses a shared width, padding with spaces.

Use with_left_padding to align serialized numbers visually:

serialize.fixed_decimal_options(1)
|> serialize.with_left_padding(serialize.AutoLeftPadding(serialize.Zero))

For more explicit control, use with_left_decimals and with_right_decimals:

serialize.default_options()
|> serialize.with_left_decimals(serialize.AutoLeftPadding(serialize.Zero))
|> serialize.with_right_decimals(serialize.Fixed(2))

Move-Only Subpaths, Zero-Length Segments, and Closure

SVG distinguishes move-only subpaths from zero-length drawing subpaths. The subpath consisting only of the command M 50,0 has a current point but no drawing segment, whereas M 50,0 L 50,0 has a zero-length line segment. User agents can render these differently: with stroke-linecap:round or stroke-linecap:square, for example, the zero-length line can produce a visible mark while the move-only subpath remains invisible. SVG 2 describes this in its notes on zero-length path segments and stroke line caps. There is a similar difference between M 0,0 and M 0,0 Z, with the Z command "supplying" a zero-length line segment to the subpath:

<path d="M 90,50" style="fill:none;stroke:blue;stroke-width:24;stroke-linecap:round;" />
<path d="M 260,50 L 260,50" style="fill:none; stroke:blue; stroke-width:24;stroke-linecap:round;" />

<path d="M 90,120" style="fill:none;stroke:blue;stroke-width:24;stroke-linecap:square;" />
<path d="M 260,120 L 260,120" style="fill:none;stroke:blue;stroke-width:24;stroke-linecap:square;" />

<path d="M 90,230" style="fill:none;stroke:black;stroke-width:24;stroke-linecap:round;" />
<path d="M 260,230 Z" style="fill:none;stroke:black;stroke-width:24;stroke-linecap:round;" />

<path d="M 90,300" style="fill:none; stroke:black; stroke-width:24; stroke-linecap:square;" />
<path d="M 260,300 Z" style="fill:none; stroke:black; stroke-width:24; stroke-linecap:square;" />

For that reason, svg_path.clean_subpath keeps one zero-length line if a subpath consists only of zero-length lines, preserving the difference between a zero-length subpath and a move-only subpath. We do this even if the subpath is closed, though in this case the decision is made more for the sake of the internal consistency of the library since we are not aware of any rendering difference between paths such as M 0,0 Z and M 0,0 L 0,0 Z.

Concerning the detailed mechanics of subpath closure, a literal read of the SVG 2 specification plausibly suggests that Z means "draw a final line from the current point to the starting point, even if this final line has length 0, and then mark topological closure". The observable behavior of user agents, however, suggests that Z is commonly interpreted as meaning “draw a final line to the starting point only if necessary to bridge a gap or when no segments have been added to the subpath yet and then mark topological closure”. This library follows the latter interpretation.

Under this interpretation, a final nonzero-jump line that geometrically closes a topologically closed subpath can be elided in the representation of the subpath, shortening e.g. M0,0 L10,10 0,0 Z to M0,0 L10,10 Z. Our library does this. However, a final zero-length jump followed by Z cannot be dropped from the representation without losing information, since Z on its own does not allow the user agent to “see” or “remember” the zero-length jump. Consequently, our serializer never drops zero-length lines, including immediately prior to Z.

Transforming Paths

svg_path/transform applies SVG-style affine transforms to segments, subpaths, and paths.

import svg_path/parse
import svg_path/serialize
import svg_path/transform

pub fn move_path_data(input: String) -> String {
  let assert Ok(path) = parse.path(input)
  let matrix = transform.translate(x: 10.0, y: 20.0)
  let assert Ok(path) = transform.path(path, by: matrix)

  serialize.path(path)
}

Transforms use the SVG six-value affine matrix:

matrix(a b c d e f)

which corresponds to:

x' = a*x + c*y + e
y' = b*x + d*y + f

Matrix values can be constructed and inspected as tuples:

import svg_path/transform

pub fn inspect_transform() -> #(Float, Float, Float, Float, Float, Float) {
  transform.rotate(degrees: 30.0)
  |> transform.to_tuple
}

Use chain(first:, then:) when thinking in application order. Use multiply(left:, right:) when thinking in matrix multiplication order.

import svg_path/transform

pub fn scale_then_move() -> transform.Matrix {
  let scale = transform.scale(factor: 2.0)
  let move = transform.translate(x: 10.0, y: 20.0)

  // Applying scale, then move, is move * scale.
  transform.chain(first: scale, then: move)
  // transform.multiply(left: move, right: scale)
}

Transforms can also be applied about a point, or about one of the nine anchor points on a segment, subpath, or path bounding box:

TopLeft      TopCenter      TopRight
CenterLeft   Center         CenterRight
BottomLeft   BottomCenter   BottomRight

import svg_path
import svg_path/transform

pub fn flip_path_horizontally(
  path: svg_path.Path,
) -> Result(svg_path.Path, transform.Error) {
  path
  |> transform.path_about_anchor(
    by: transform.scale_xy(x: -1.0, y: 1.0),
    anchor: transform.Center,
  )
}

Transform Attributes

SVG transform attributes can be parsed and serialized separately from paths.

import svg_path/transform/parse
import svg_path/transform/serialize

pub fn tidy_transform_attribute(input: String) -> String {
  let assert Ok(matrix) = parse.attribute(input)

  serialize.to_string(matrix)
}

The transform parser accepts normal SVG transform syntax, including compound attributes such as:

translate(10)scale(2) skewX(3)

Transform serialization prefers readable SVG forms when the matrix can be recognized clearly:

translate(10 20)
translate(10 20)scale(2)
rotate(30)
translate(10 20)rotate(30)scale(2 3)

If no clearer representation is available, it falls back to:

matrix(a b c d e f)

Use force_matrix when you want the raw matrix form even if a shorter transform expression could be detected.

import svg_path/transform
import svg_path/transform/serialize

pub fn raw_transform_attribute() -> String {
  transform.translate(x: 10.0, y: 20.0)
  |> serialize.to_string_with_options(
    options: serialize.default_options() |> serialize.force_matrix,
  )
}

Inspecting Paths

svg_path/inspect prints path data structures for debugging and tests. It is not the SVG d serializer.

Human-readable structural inspection:

import svg_path
import svg_path/inspect

pub fn inspect_line() -> String {
  svg_path.Line(
    start: svg_path.point(0.0, 0.0),
    end: svg_path.point(12.0, 10.0),
  )
  |> inspect.segment
}

Example output:

Line(start=0,0 end=12,10)

Copy-pasteable Gleam inspection:

import svg_path
import svg_path/inspect

pub fn inspect_code(path: svg_path.Path) -> String {
  inspect.path_code(path)
}

Example output:

svg_path.Path([
  svg_path.assert_subpath([
    svg_path.Line(start: svg_path.point(0.0, 0.0), end: svg_path.point(12.0, 10.0))
  ])
])

Inspection options support decimal rounding, fixed decimal places, and left-padding for visual alignment. As with serialization, lower-level decimal controls are split into LeftDecimalOptions and RightDecimalOptions, with the same constructors.

import svg_path
import svg_path/inspect

pub fn inspect_aligned(path: svg_path.Path) -> String {
  let options =
    inspect.fixed_decimal_options(1)
    |> inspect.with_left_padding(inspect.AutoLeftPadding(inspect.Zero))

  inspect.path_code_with_options(path, options:)
}

AutoLeftPadding(Zero) and AutoLeftPadding(Space) pre-scan the value being inspected and choose a shared left-side width for the numbers in that output. LeftPadding(Int, Zero) and LeftPadding(Int, Space) let you choose the width yourself. Use Succinct to disable left padding.

Converting Matrices From `matrix_gleam`

svg_path does not depend on matrix_gleam, but the tuple helpers make the conversion small if your application uses both packages.

import matrix/mat3f
import svg_path/transform

pub fn to_mat3f(matrix: transform.Matrix) -> mat3f.Mat3f {
  let #(a, b, c, d, e, f) = transform.to_tuple(matrix)

  mat3f.new(
    a, b, 0.0,
    c, d, 0.0,
    e, f, 1.0,
  )
}

import matrix/mat3f
import svg_path/transform

pub type MatrixConversionError {
  NonAffineMatrix
}

pub fn from_mat3f(
  matrix: mat3f.Mat3f,
) -> Result(transform.Matrix, MatrixConversionError) {
  case matrix.x.z == 0.0 && matrix.y.z == 0.0 && matrix.z.z == 1.0 {
    False -> Error(NonAffineMatrix)
    True -> {
      Ok(transform.from_tuple(#(
        matrix.x.x,
        matrix.x.y,
        matrix.y.x,
        matrix.y.y,
        matrix.z.x,
        matrix.z.y,
      )))
    }
  }
}

Further documentation can be found at https://hexdocs.pm/svg_path.

Development

gleam test
gleam docs build

svg_path

Core Model

Points

Segments

Subpaths

Paths

Subpath-Building

Joining Subpaths

Splicing Subpaths

Opening Closed Subpaths

Reversing Subpaths

Converting Arcs to Beziers

Arcs and the ellipse Module

Geometry Helpers

Bounding Boxes

Optimization Over Segments

Segment Distances

Segment Crossings

Segment Intersections

Convex Hulls

Parsing

Serialization

Repeated Command Letters

Newlines

Number Formatting

Move-Only Subpaths, Zero-Length Segments, and Closure

Transforming Paths

Transform Attributes

Inspecting Paths

Converting Matrices From matrix_gleam

Development

Arcs and the `ellipse` Module

Converting Matrices From `matrix_gleam`